We purchased this hat from a woman who was primarily a trader of Egyptian art and apparel. She acquired the hat from an Afghani friend and therefore had limited knowledge about it. She said that it is worn by tribeswomen in northern Afghanistan during important ceremonies like marriage, etc. The various baubles, shells, beads, filigree, etc. all have significance in keeping evil at bay. I found the cowry shells (traditionally used as coin in parts of Africa and Asia) particularly interesting in that they must have been acquired via trade in this land-locked nation. I also saw the beaded Mandela on the back of the hat as influence of Asian cultures to the east of Afghanistan. There is a lot of work that went into this very interesting piece.