A ten gallon hat is often thought to be large enough to hold ten gallons of water. This is not true (unless you have an exceptionally large head). The gallon in "ten gallon hat" derives from the Spanish galón meaning braid. So a ten-gallon hat is a hat with a braiding around the brim.
A ten-gallon hat holds 3/4 gallon or 3 quarts.
Sources: David Louis. 2201 Fascinating Facts. The Ridge Press and Crown Publishers, 1983. Isaac Asimov. Book of Facts. Wings Books, 1979. Fantastic Book of 1000 Lists. DK Publishing, Inc., 1999. The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2000. World Almanac Books, 1999.